韩国语罗马化 - 旧版本：McCune-Reischauer罗马化方案

韩国语现在比较常用的有两种罗马化方案。
很老的一种叫McCune-Reischauer罗马化方案，是很老的一种，在西方的一些学术文章中采用的比较普遍。
现在韩国官方又推出一种罗马化方案，为的是将MR方案中的有不方便电脑输入的注音符号的部分全部换成26个拉丁字母的简单表示方法。
下面的内容来自Wikipedia.org

McCune-Reischauer

McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. Another variant of McCune-Reischauer is used as the official system in North Korea.

The system was created in 1937 by two Americans: George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer. With a few exceptions, it does not attempt to transliterate Hangul but rather to represent the phonetic pronunciation. McCune-Reischauer is widely used outside of Korea. A variant of it was used as the official romanization system in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. A third system—the Yale Romanization system, which is a transliteration system—exists, but is only used in academic literature, especially in linguistics. During the period of Russian interest in Korea at the beginning of the 20th century, attempts were also made at representing Korean in Cyrillic.

Characteristics and criticism

According to some people, the McCune-Reischauer system is basically friendly to Westerners. For example, Korean has phonologically no distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, but it phonetically distinguishes them. Aspirated consonants like "p' ", "k' ", and "t' " are distinguished by apostrophe from unaspirated ones, which is intuitive to Westerners. The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of ᅟᅠᆫᄀᅠ as opposed to ᅟᅠᆼᄋᅠ: 전금 → chŏn'gŭm vs. 정음 → chŏngŭm).

Critics of the McCune-Reischauer system claim that casual users of the system omit the breves over the o for 어 and the u for 으, because typing o or u without the breves is often easier than adding them. This, in turn, can lead to confusion over whether the o being Romanized is 오 or 어 or the u being Romanized is 우 or 으. Casual users also often omit the apostrophe that differentiates aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ) from their unaspirated counterparts (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ), which can also lead to confusion. Defenders of the McCune-Reischauer system, however, respond that a casual user unfamiliar with Korean can easily approximate the actual pronunciation of Korean names or words even when breves and apostrophes are omitted, although it is still best to include them.

Such common omissions were the primary reason the South Korean government adopted a revised system of Romanization in 2000. Critics of the revised system claim it fails to represent 어 and 으 in an easily recognizable way, and that it misrepresents the unaspirated consonants as they are actually pronounced.

Meanwhile, despite official adoption of the new system in South Korea, many in the Korean Studies community, both in and out of South Korea, generally continue to use either the McCune-Reischauer or Yale system, as do North Korea and many international geographic and cartographic conventions. Even within South Korea, usage of the new system is less than universal, as was the case with the variant of McCune-Reischauer that was the official Romanization system between 1984/1988 and 2000.

Guide

This is a simplified guide for the McCune-Reischauer system. It is very useful for the transliteration of names, but will not convert properly every word. The reason is that several Korean letters sound differently depending on their position.

Vowels

• ㅏ a
• ㅑ ya
• ㅓ ŏ
• ㅕ yŏ
• ㅗ o
• ㅛ yo
• ㅜ u
• ㅠ yu
• ㅡ ŭ
• ㅣ i
• ㅘ wa
• ㅝ wŏ
• ㅐ ae
• ㅔ e (written as ë after ㅏ and ㅗ)
• ㅚ oe
• ㅟ wi
• ㅢ ŭi
• ㅙ wae
• ㅞ we
• ㅒ yae
• ㅖ ye

Consonants

	Initial consonant
	ㅇ (†)	ㄱ K	ㄴ N	ㄷ T	ㄹ (R)	ㅁ M	ㅂ P	ㅅ S	ㅈ CH	ㅊ CH'	ㅋ K'	ㅌ T'	ㅍ P'	ㅎ H
Final consonant	ㅇ NG	NG	NGG	NGN	NGD	NGN	NGM	NGB	NGS	NGJ	NGCH'	NGK'	NGT'	NGP'	NGH
ㄱ K	G	KK	NGN	KT	NGN	NGM	KP	KS	KCH	KCH'	KK'	KT'	KP'	KH
ㄴ N	N	N'G	NN	ND	LL	NM	NB	NS	NJ	NCH'	NK'	NT'	NP'	NH
ㄹ L	R	LG	LL	LT	LL	LM	LB	LS	LCH	LCH'	LK'	LT'	LP'	RH
ㅁ M	M	MG	MN	MD	MN	MM	MB	MS	MJ	MCH'	MK'	MT'	MP'	MH
ㅂ P	B	PK	MN	PT	MN	MM	PP	PS	PCH	PCH'	PK'	PT'	PP'	PH

† An initial consonant before a vowel to indicate absence of sound.

Basically, when deciding whether g or k, b or p, d or t and j or ch is used, use g, b, d or j if it is voiced, and k, p, t or ch if it is not. Pronunciations such as these take precedence over the rules in the table above.

Examples

Simple ones:

• 부산 pusan
• 못하다 mothada
• 먹다 mŏkta
• 먹었다 mŏgŏtta

Ones with assimilation:

• 연락 yŏllak
• 한국말 han'gungmal
• 먹는군요 mŏngnŭn'gunyo
• 역량 yŏngnyang
• 십리 simni
• 같이 kach'i
• 않다 ant'a

Examples where pronunciation takes precedence:

• 漢字 (한자) hancha (pronunciation: 한짜 hantcha), Sino-Korean character (cf. 한字 (한자) hanja, "one word")
• 外科 (외과) oekwa (pronunciation: 외꽈 oekkwa, surgery (cf. 外踝 (외과) oegwa, "outer anklebone")
• 안다 anta (pronunciation: 안따 antta) and its conjugation 안고 anko (pronunciation: 안꼬 ankko) (as a rule, all verbs ending in -ㄴ다 (pronunciation: -ㄴ따 ntta) and -ㅁ다 (pronunciation: -ㅁ따 mtta) are nta and mta except for the present progressive verb ending -ㄴ다/-는다, which is nda or nŭnda)
• 올해 서른여덟입니다. Orhae sŏrŭnnyŏdŏlbimnida.
• 좋은 choŭn, good

For an example of a short text transcribed in the McCune-Reischauer system, see Aegukka, the national anthem of North Korea.

North Korean variant

In North Korea's variant of McCune-Reischauer, aspirated consonants are not represented by an apostrophe, but instead by adding an "h", for example, 평안 is written as Phyongan. With the original system this would be written as P'yŏngan.

South Korean variant

In South Korea's variant of McCune-Reischauer, in official use from 1984 to 2000, 시 is written as shi instead of the original system's si, and others like 샤, 셔 and so on, where the pronunciation is deemed closer to a sh sound than a s sound, are romanised with sh instead of s. The original system deploys sh only in the combination 쉬, as shwi.

ㅝ is written as wo instead of the original system's wŏ in this variant. Because the diphthong w (ㅗ or ㅜ as a semivowel) + o (ㅗ) does not exist in Korean, the South Korean government omitted a breve in wŏ.

The hyphen is used to distinguish between ᆫᄀ and ᆼᄋ in this variant system, instead of the aspostrophe in the original version. Therefore the apostrophe is only used as aspiration mark in the South Korean system.

Additionally, assimilation-induced aspiration by an initial ㅎ is indicated, e.g. 직할시 is written as Chik'alshi, which under the official system is Chikhalsi.

See also

• Revised Romanization of Korean
• List of Korea-related topics

External links

• A Practical Guide to McCune-Reischauer Romanization: Rules, guidelines, and font
• Comparison table of different romanization systems from UN Working Group on Romanization Systems (PDF file)

Korean} 3=Statewide:
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Regional:
People's Republic of China
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Korean romanization means using letters of the Latin alphabet to write Korean language, which in Korea is written using Hangul, and sometimes Hanja.
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The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. The system was released by South Korean authorities in 2000 and is the South
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Korean} 3=Statewide:
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romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a
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The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. The system was released by South Korean authorities in 2000 and is the South
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South Korea, officially known as the Republic of Korea, is an East Asian state on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula.
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2000 2001 2002 2003
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United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S. of A.
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George McAfee "Mac" McCune (June 16, 1908 - November 5, 1948) was co-developer, with Edwin O. Reischauer, of the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean.
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Edwin Oldfather Reischauer (October 15, 1910–September 1, 1990) was the Tokyo-born U.S. ambassador to Japan (1961–66) and the co-developer, with George M.
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Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.
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Transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another. Transliteration attempts to be lossless, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original
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A breve (Latin Brevis "short, brief") is a diacritical mark ˘, shaped like a little round cup, designed to indicate a short vowel, as opposed to the
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters (Mandarin Chinese:Hànzì, Cantonese Chinese:Hon-ji).
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Aegukgais also the name of the national anthem of South Korea. See Aegukga.

Aegukka is the national anthem of North Korea.
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North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is an East Asian state occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula.
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North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is an East Asian state occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula.
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Semivowels (also called semiconsonants or glides, though these are now dispreferred) are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with syllabic vowels.
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The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. The system was released by South Korean authorities in 2000 and is the South
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